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γ-aminobutyric acid is a compound with the chemical formula C₄H₉NO₂, also known as 4-aminobutyric acid (γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA for short). It is an amino acid that exists widely in vertebrates, plants and microorganisms. γ- Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important central nervous system inhibitory neurotransmitter with good water solubility and thermal stability. It has been confirmed that GABA, as a small molecular weight non protein amino acid, has food safety and can be used in the production of beverages and other foods. Studies have shown that intake of a certain amount of GABA has physiological effects such as improving sleep quality and lowering blood pressure.
1. Chemical synthesis
The more important chemical synthesis mainly includes the following types: the first is to use potassium phthalimide and γ-chlorobutyrocyanine or butyrolactone as raw materials for making GABA, and the final product obtained after violent reaction and hydrolysis is GABA; The second method is to use pyrrolidone as the initial raw material, and hydrolyze it through calcium hydroxide and ammonium bicarbonate. The final product obtained by ring-opening it is GABA; The third is to use butyric acid and ammonia water as the raw materials of GABA, which are subjected to light reaction under γ-ray conditions to obtain GABA; the fourth is to synthesize GABA with propylamine and formic acid through the method of glow discharge; The fifth is to use methyl bromoacetate and ethylene as the raw materials for preparing GABA, and obtain methyl 4-bromobutyrate through polymerization reaction, and finally the product after ammonolysis and hydrolysis is GABA. The chemical synthesis methods of GABA all have the disadvantages that the reaction is not easy to control and the cost is relatively high.
2. Plant enrichment method
The plant enrichment method is a newly developed synthetic extraction and purification technology. It uses plants with high GABA content for separation and extraction, so that there are cheap and high-purity GABA products. There are two main methods to obtain GABA from plants: one is the method of purification by solvent extraction, and the other is the preparation method of column separation.
(1) Solvent extraction method
The solvent extraction method uses water or alcohol as the extracting agent for GABA. Based on the principle of different solubility and distribution coefficients of plants in water or alcohol, GABA is extracted into water or alcohol, and after repeated filtration and purification, the vast majority of GABA in plants can be extracted.
(2) Column separation preparation method
Column separation preparation method, also known as column chromatography, is a principle that utilizes different components in different mixtures to have different partition coefficients in the solid liquid two phases for elution separation and other subsequent operations. Its broad classification should be attributed to chromatography. Chromatographic columns generally use resin, silica gel, or activated carbon as filling materials.
3. Microbial fermentation method
Microbial fermentation is the process of preparing and producing GABA by selecting strains that are excellent in variety, stable, non-toxic, and harmless. These strains are used in the process of growth and reproduction. Although this method has strict environmental requirements and high equipment requirements, the GABA produced by this method can be used as a natural food additive. Microbial fermentation production is one of the earliest developed and most widely used production methods in the food industry. The earliest utilized microorganism is Escherichia coli, and its decarboxylase can be used to produce GABA. However, due to its inherent safety hazards, it has not been directly used in the production of drugs or food.
With the development of science and technology, green food has received increasing attention. Later, researchers discovered that microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and Aspergillus can be used to replace Escherichia coli and catalyze the production of GABA. Moreover, at a lower cost, it also has the advantages of high yield and good safety. This method has gradually developed towards industrialized production.
1.γ-aminobutyric acid is safe to eat and can be used in the production of beverages and other foods.
2. γ-aminobutyric acid has the physiological effects of improving sleep quality and lowering blood pressure.
3.γ-aminobutyric acid is an important nonprotein functional amino acid, which has the biological functions of enhancing brain vitality, calming the mind, mediating hormone secretion, improving lipid metabolism and lowering blood pressure, etc. Therefore, the development and application of GABA in food have a broad prospect.
γ-aminobutyric acid is a compound with the chemical formula C₄H₉NO₂, also known as 4-aminobutyric acid (γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA for short). It is an amino acid that exists widely in vertebrates, plants and microorganisms. γ- Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important central nervous system inhibitory neurotransmitter with good water solubility and thermal stability. It has been confirmed that GABA, as a small molecular weight non protein amino acid, has food safety and can be used in the production of beverages and other foods. Studies have shown that intake of a certain amount of GABA has physiological effects such as improving sleep quality and lowering blood pressure.
1. Chemical synthesis
The more important chemical synthesis mainly includes the following types: the first is to use potassium phthalimide and γ-chlorobutyrocyanine or butyrolactone as raw materials for making GABA, and the final product obtained after violent reaction and hydrolysis is GABA; The second method is to use pyrrolidone as the initial raw material, and hydrolyze it through calcium hydroxide and ammonium bicarbonate. The final product obtained by ring-opening it is GABA; The third is to use butyric acid and ammonia water as the raw materials of GABA, which are subjected to light reaction under γ-ray conditions to obtain GABA; the fourth is to synthesize GABA with propylamine and formic acid through the method of glow discharge; The fifth is to use methyl bromoacetate and ethylene as the raw materials for preparing GABA, and obtain methyl 4-bromobutyrate through polymerization reaction, and finally the product after ammonolysis and hydrolysis is GABA. The chemical synthesis methods of GABA all have the disadvantages that the reaction is not easy to control and the cost is relatively high.
2. Plant enrichment method
The plant enrichment method is a newly developed synthetic extraction and purification technology. It uses plants with high GABA content for separation and extraction, so that there are cheap and high-purity GABA products. There are two main methods to obtain GABA from plants: one is the method of purification by solvent extraction, and the other is the preparation method of column separation.
(1) Solvent extraction method
The solvent extraction method uses water or alcohol as the extracting agent for GABA. Based on the principle of different solubility and distribution coefficients of plants in water or alcohol, GABA is extracted into water or alcohol, and after repeated filtration and purification, the vast majority of GABA in plants can be extracted.
(2) Column separation preparation method
Column separation preparation method, also known as column chromatography, is a principle that utilizes different components in different mixtures to have different partition coefficients in the solid liquid two phases for elution separation and other subsequent operations. Its broad classification should be attributed to chromatography. Chromatographic columns generally use resin, silica gel, or activated carbon as filling materials.
3. Microbial fermentation method
Microbial fermentation is the process of preparing and producing GABA by selecting strains that are excellent in variety, stable, non-toxic, and harmless. These strains are used in the process of growth and reproduction. Although this method has strict environmental requirements and high equipment requirements, the GABA produced by this method can be used as a natural food additive. Microbial fermentation production is one of the earliest developed and most widely used production methods in the food industry. The earliest utilized microorganism is Escherichia coli, and its decarboxylase can be used to produce GABA. However, due to its inherent safety hazards, it has not been directly used in the production of drugs or food.
With the development of science and technology, green food has received increasing attention. Later, researchers discovered that microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and Aspergillus can be used to replace Escherichia coli and catalyze the production of GABA. Moreover, at a lower cost, it also has the advantages of high yield and good safety. This method has gradually developed towards industrialized production.
1.γ-aminobutyric acid is safe to eat and can be used in the production of beverages and other foods.
2. γ-aminobutyric acid has the physiological effects of improving sleep quality and lowering blood pressure.
3.γ-aminobutyric acid is an important nonprotein functional amino acid, which has the biological functions of enhancing brain vitality, calming the mind, mediating hormone secretion, improving lipid metabolism and lowering blood pressure, etc. Therefore, the development and application of GABA in food have a broad prospect.
